Sir John Alexander Macdonald (10 or 11 January 1815– 6 June 1891)

JAM was a Scot, a British Empire Loyalist under Queen Victoria, a son, a father, a husband, a lawyer, a businessman.

He was able to unite the parties together to bring about the birth of Canada as a nation,

He was a product of the time, a wheeler and dealer. He created the tone of the Conservative Party of Canada, a nationalistic self–serving, self-protective, tariff-bound, business-framed entity that he saw as a way to serve the Empire and stay separate from the United States.

JAM’s Scot father was a Kingston area businessman after finding his feet in his adopted country.

In December 1837 Macdonald served as a militia private.

He was a defense lawyer.

In 1839 he was appointed solicitor to the Commercial Bank of the Midland District and was made a director. From that point on his practice essentially concerned corporate law, especially after he gained as a client Kingston’s other major financial institution, the Trust and Loan Company of Upper Canada, founded in 1843.
Macdonald was himself an active businessman, primarily involved in land development and speculation.
Throughout the 1840s, 1850s, and 1860s he bought and developed urban property, first in Kingston and subsequently in Guelph and Toronto,

What he gained was also lost, when he suffered a reversal of fortune.

His first wife and oldest child died.

Sir John A. Macdonald’s 2nd father-in-law was Thomas James Bernard, a plantation/slave owner.

JAM’s policies were truly Conservative. And many are still found in today’s party. Though he’d roll over in his grave if he knew the party he framed were so pro-USA.

JAM was a British Loyalist to the end.

Today though, he’s only seen as a racist.

There are grounds for that. His party and his chosen empire were responsible for the treatment of the immigrants, esp the Chinese, the First Nations and Métis.

It’d be really easy to blame him for what occurred. But would it be fair?

That is the thing about cancel culture that I dislike, The man was bred in a context where land and people were meant to be conquered, ruled and if they dared to defy the empire, then annihilated. Those who could be assimilated were, and those that couldn’t were ‘dealt with’. By foul means, Which hasn’t changed much, has it?

But these days, the people he tried to keep out of his vision of Canada are justifiably angry. And in their anger, they toppled his statue. Which has Conservative politicians crying. (almost fun to watch)

So do we say they cannot do this? Do we say that accepting his good actions that unified Canada make JAM a racist? Are we racist for being proud of Canada and our first ever PM?

What would Canada have been without men like him fighting for us as a country?
What we are is most profoundly shaped by Tommy Douglas who brought socialism to our safety net, Pierre Elliot Trudeau’s bringing home the constitution and the charter of rights and freedoms. Which build on JAM’s work.

And whatever you think of the beginning, we have progressed from JAM’s early efforts. (Maybe not the Conservatives so much 😋 )

So wouldn’t a better way of dealing with such icons in our history be to put a plaque under the statue? To learn from the reality of what the past was?

Or do we shine light up our asses and say we were always perfect?

Because from that same country also came the person who had the vision to abolish slavery around the world, (John Graves Simcoe) And since our First Nations most benefitted from that, do we erase that as well?

Lots of questions, and wondering what is the right answer. But I more often side with telling the whole story, and letting the chips fall where they may.

Whatever you think of the social crimes he committed and whatever you think of toppling statues, please at least remember none of these things could have been done by one man. It didn’t occur in isolation.

Times have changed and I think knowing the whole story gives us a continuum to chart where we grow from here. Burying it or erasing it teaches us nothing.

George Santayana said, “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.”

…. resources

biographi.ca
britannica.com – JAM
globeandmail
britannica.com – BNA Act
cdnencyclopedia – CPR
cdnencyclopedia – natl policy
cdnencyclopedia – Riel- NWRebellion
wiki

The Sports World has Gone on Strike? – NBA, NFL, NHL, NLB

There have been protests over police brutality for months on the streets, starting in the USA and going around the world.

But the shootings and brutality haven’t stopped.

Yesterday I wrote about the latest black man to be shot. As of now, he lays in a hospital bed, with a severed spinal chord. Paralyzed for the rest of his life. And they have a police guard and cuffs on him. I don’t know how you justify that to me, let alone his three kids who are watching it all.

Which may be why the sports world is embracing this case. Because protesting in the streets has achieved nothing, but placing them at further risk.

So what will be the response to this? Games and practices lost? Or have the players said ‘enough!’. Because they’ve been asked to show solidarity with you and play on when they are placing their lives and their families’ lives at risk to do so.

Maybe now it’s your turn?

How do Trump. BLM protests over #Jacob Blake, a kid with a rifle, and the NBA’s Milwaukie Bucks Fit in the Same Sentence?

……Jacob Blake

He saw a fight and went to help break it up. When police arrived, instead of thanking him for his help and being a good citizen (at least at that moment), they rousted him and shot him in the back seven times. In the front seat of his car. With his kids in the back seat and his girlfriend watching in horror.

…… the young man/boy I can’t name

(because in Canada that would be illegal, since he is under age. And besides, he’s the symptom , not the problem IMO)

At protests in Kenosha, Wisconsin, over the police shooting of Jacob Blake, a young man/boy (I can’t name or show a picture of even if I wanted to because Canadian law doesn’t allow teenagers to be exposed on media) shot three people.

The young man/boy was a Trump fan and had been attending his #BlueLivesMatter rallies. Listening to their rhetoric.

The young man/boy took an assault rifle and crossed border(s) to attend the protest. Where he was given water and back slaps by the police for his good-ole-boy attitude.

And his rifle went off. Someone other than the police tackled him and ended up dying to save lives.

The young man/boy was then able to go home to another state, where he was later arrested.

…. BLM protests have escalated again

Because the police just aren’t grasping that they need to use their words when dealing with the citizenry. Esp if they are in a car with their kids in the back seat.

….and sports teams are now on strike

The Milwaukee Bucks have gone on strike and are sitting out Game 5 of their NBA series of games in the name of .Jacob Blake.

And several pro teams are joining them. Including Toronto Raptors.

A WNBA team has marked their jerseys with seven shots on the back and are wearing the letters of .Jacob Blake’s name on the front of their jerseys.

Will this help?

Chris Webber who used to play for the team that the Bucks should have played, the Orlando Magic, spoke his thoughts brilliantly.

here

…. ACLU

Jeffery Robinson

Reconciliation in Canada Is a Mess of Culpability, Responsibility and Who Holds the Power Now

Canada’s relationship with it’s First Nations’ people (FNP) is a complex issue. One where to complete the process of reconciliation, many people would have to sit at the table. Many more than actually ever will.

But many FNP blame the country Canada, the Liberal Party, and the current Prime Minister.

So where does the blame lie? Who needs to atone? And for what part?

What do FNP have the struggle with? I most often hear stories of authority being:

• the residential schools,
• the military,
• the police and
• child protection services.
  The rest is homeowners or ‘settlers’ who want to keep the land they have worked on, but never really actually owned in many cases.

No one is denying that the FNP have faced a horrible history within our borders. That genocide has occurred and in some cases, is still occurring. In most cases, we just don’t know what to do about it.

….. resources and quotes

And here is a quick view with links if you want to read more of the timeline and culpability in Canada:

……France

in 1534 the French navigator and explorer Jacques Cartier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and took possession of New France for King Francis I. In succeeding years Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence as far as the Lachine Rapids, to where Montreal now stands, and attempted, with Jean-François de La Rocque, sieur de (lord of) Roberval, to found a colony near what is now Quebec.
britannica

……. British Empire

September 13, 1759
Battle of Quebec: September 13, 1759
On September 13, 1759, the British under General James Wolfe (1727-59) achieved a dramatic victory when they scaled the cliffs over the city of Quebec to defeat French forces under Louis-Joseph de Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham (an area named for the farmer who owned the land)
history.com.)

….. Europeans in slave trade

The beginning of the Atlantic slave trade in the late 1400s disrupted African societal structure as Europeans infiltrated the West African coastline, drawing people from the center of the continent to be sold into slavery.New sugar and tobacco plantations in the Americas and Caribbean heightened the demand for enslaved people, ultimately forcing a total of 12.5 million Africans across the Atlantic and into slavery.
khanacademy

…… The Dominion of Canada

The British Parliament passed the British North America Act in 1867. The Dominion of Canada was officially born on July 1, 1867. Until 1982, July 1 was celebrated as “Dominion Day” to commemorate the day that Canada became a self-governing Dominion. Today it is officially known as Canada Day.
gov of Canada

…… the Cdn Constitution

Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau signed the Proclamation of the Constitution Act on April 17, 1982.
gov of Canada archives

…… a constitutional monarchy

In 1982, it adopted its own constitution and became a completely independent country. Although it’s still part of the British Commonwealth—a constitutional monarchy that accepts the British monarch as its own. Elizabeth II is Queen of Canada.
history.com

……. the House of Windsor reigns

Canada is a constitutional monarchy? As a constitutional monarch, Canada’s Head of State is a hereditary Sovereign (Queen or King), who reigns in accordance with the Constitution: the rule of law.
westvanlibrary

…… the Windsor crown owns the land here

The land of Canada is solely owned by Queen Elizabeth II who is also the head of state. Only 9.7% of the total land is privately owned while the rest is Crown Land. … The Canadian Act has no provision for any Canadian to own physical land in Canada. Canadians can only own an interest in an estate.
worldatlas

…… the Queen is head of state, the Prime Minister head of govt

The monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, is the head of state, while the prime minister is the head of government. … The monarch is represented in Canada by the governor general and lieutenant governors.
Cdnencyclopedia

……. the Queen’s emissary the GG is Commander in Chief of the Military

The Governor General is also Commander-in-Chief of Canada. He or she visits military bases and honours Canadian military personnel on behalf of The Queen. The Governor General also fulfills important ceremonial duties: Promoting a sense of identity.
gov of canada

…. To today’s Natl Police Force – the RCMP

Agency executives –
Queen Elizabeth II, Commissioner-in-chief
Charles, Prince of Wales, Honorary commissioner
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, Honorary deputy commissioner

….

The North West Mounted Police was established in 1873 to bring Canadian authority to the North West Territories (present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan). Its jurisdiction grew to include the Yukon in 1895, the Arctic Coast in 1903 and northern Manitoba in 1912.
In 1920, the RNWMP absorbed the Dominion Police and became the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), and was responsible for federal law enforcement in all provinces and territories.
gov archives

…… Child Protection – waifs and strays

in the Bytown of 1893, abandoned and orphaned children roamed the streets, sleeping in doorways or dowsing down on the sawdust-covered floors of neighbourhood taverns. They scavenged for food, did odd jobs and, like some homeless youth of today, turned to petty theft and prostitution to survive. In the words of one area resident, “many children without families had to live like stray dogs.”

Out of this need sprung the seeds of The Children’s Aid Society of Ottawa-Carleton and over the years, those seeds have been nurtured by the unflagging efforts and the caring of many. Their dedication has passed from generation to generation. Today, more than a century after its formation, the commitment of volunteers, caring citizens, and staff are helping The CASO reach out to another generation of children in need.
CAS – Ottawa third agency born

…. first Child Protection Act

The first Children’s Aid Society was established in Toronto in 1891, and the first Child Protection Act was passed in Ontario in 1893. This Act for the Prevention of Cruelty to and Better Protection of Children made the abuse of children an indictable offence for the first time.
cdn encyclpedia

…… New France – slavery

The colony of New France, founded in the early 1600s, was the first major settlement in what is now Canada. Slavery was a common practice in the territory. When New France was conquered by the British in 1759, records revealed that approximately 3,600 enslaved people had lived in the settlement since its beginnings.
humanrights.ca

…..

To a tremendous extent, the enslavement of Indigenous peoples defines slavery in Canada. Fully two-thirds of the slaves in the colony of New France were Indigenous. After 1750, the number of Indigenous slaves brought into French Canada began to decline.
cdnencyclopedia

….. slavery abolished in Upper Canada first

John Graves Simcoe the first lieutenant governor of Upper Canada most famously abolished slavery in Upper Canada in 1793, making it the first jurisdiction in the British Empire to do so. When Simcoe’s bill, An Act to Limit Slavery in Upper Canada, was debated in Upper Canada’s assembly, six of the assembly’s 16 members then owned slaves. Simcoe said that “[the] principles of the British Constitution do not admit of that slavery which Christianity condemns. The moment I assume the Government of Upper Canada under no modification will I assent to a law that discriminates by dishonest policy between natives of Africa, America, or Europe.”
senate of Canada

… first reserve in Canada

Government authorities began to create reserves in British Columbia in the 1850s
ubc

…… residential schools for First Nations of Canada

Roman Catholic, Anglican, Methodist, Presbyterian and United churches.
Lakehead univ

…… first school

The Mohawk Institute
When did the first residential school in Canada open? The Mohawk Institute in Brantford, Ontario, accepted its first boarding students in 1831.
cdn encyclopedia

….. last school closed.

The Gordon Residential School in Punnichy, Saskatchewan, closed in 1996. It was the last federally-funded residential school in Canada.
cdn encyclopedia

So We have a Tool as a Party Leader in Canada

I may have the spelling wrong? But considering his mentors are people like Harper, Manning and Trump? I think what I said was more right than not.

‘Take Back Canada’ (Make America Great Again – revised?) leaves questions no one has the answer to, probably not even him.

But his policies, background and actions could lead one to believe that he is going to be a gun-toting, backwoods hick trying to play with the big boys.

Full of ‘proud boy’ charm, he’s set himself up to be a Trump-lite kinda guy.

Oh fucking yay.

Well no scandals so far, just not a good guy to hang your hat on. Even if it is from Trump’s wardrobe.

At least he came with his own nickname attached!

Parenting These Days – Homeschool or Expand What Your Kid Learns as Academia Changes

I posted about retraining and focused on apprenticeship forms in that.

…..

But in this day of systemic renovations due to the pandemic, the change is beginning younger as parents consider their kids’ being safe and educated.

Not only are they considering homeschooling for the younger ones. but also whether long term academia is safe or even a good investment for their older ones.

With systems crashing all over the place, what does a parent look at, besides their child’s dream and whether they have the smarts and strength to get there?

Some people suggest sending your kid to trade school. And yes, that is a decent income. Fairly secure too. But factories crash, businesses turn over/relocate, and worst of all, people get injured and become ill.

So maybe the best choice is to provide something that is more transitional? Like leadership skills, and technology skills like IT. So they are less ‘specialized’ in their training. That makes them more versatile if some disaster comes along. Make their education somewhere between a ‘thinker’ and a ‘doer’, so they can transfer those skills between fields as well as between worker and mgmt.

That take excellence in a trade base to further directions like teaching, mgmt,
facilitating or recruiting for others, advocating for the occupation – like being a union rep. Which leaves them having more transferable skills. Which is more job security.
Or another option is to make sure your child who has good language skills actually learns the most common languages in the world. Which these days are: Mandarin Chinese, English, Hindustani, Spanish and Arabic. Then they can take their skills to many countries.

If your child has any science skills, make sure they learn Latin. I know from first hand experience how relevant that is to many fields.

Even if a kid isn’t that great at actual science and math, teaching them logic makes a difference.

And having them learn decent research skills works for any field. Starting with: what is a good source? What is authority?
Them knowing such things as: how to do surveys, statistics, graphs, pie charts, and formatting research papers are skills that translate as well.

Basic business and accounting skills go across many fields as well. Money handling, budgets, daily journal logs. taxation. Critical if they want to run their own business or be independent in a trade system.

And don’t forget about things that make them good people to have in your corner in a struggle. Things like negotiation, patience, stress mgmt.

They could also learn inspection skills which would relate if they wanted to be in trades, even be a home owner some day. Or if they want to work in a professional kitchen, even have good food hygiene in their own.

These kind of things help them go from worker who is stuck in a dead end job, who is prone to whatever the world throws at them, or someone who can grow no matter what the world or their health throws at them.

And for girls/women, it helps make them more independent.

The TL:DR is the more flexible you are in your education, the more opportunities you have. Whatever the world does.

Because going the academic route isn’t the surety it was when we were young. It costs a fortune and these days putting your kid into a lecture hall for 2-4 years of 2-300 students is just a stupid risk. For something that may not even get them a job.
So maybe we need to make a between stage. Have integrative courses that will follow their child no matter what. Even if they are a challenge in a structured learning situation, they can succeed at life. Even if their school isn’t flexible in their programs, you can supplement their learning at home. Or home school.

These days, that maybe the safer option. Fewer viral outbreaks, less bullying, no guns unless you have them, and you decide what religions they study, if any. Without limiting your child. Most local school boards will help you succeed.

….. – for further reading

work specialization
experiential learning
leadership

Job Loss Means Retraining, Job Searches and Deciding where to go from here For Far Too Many People

And in a time of great losses, how do you go about this? If your particular employer is under the gun, it’s probably an industry/trade wide issue. But some people are hiring. And you need a job now… the rent or mortgage is due. The kids are hungry. You and your spouse/partner are feuding at every.little.damn. thing these days. You’re savings is tapped out and you’re borrowing against your RRSPs. One of you parents has to stay home now if you’ve gone to homeschooling.

And with the govt bickering and gossiping about how the other party is effing you over…. doesn’t really look like things’ll change any time soon, does it?

So what is a fast way to review what is available to you? How can you be attractive to a job market that wants young fresh talent? That wants something unique?

Maybe by showing them what years of loyal service look like? Maybe by showing them you can adapt when push comes to shove?

And how is that possible?

Well the govt won’t pay for you to attend, nor can you go to univ for 2-4 yrs to retrain you. So what are your options, really?

Time to think outside the box.

…..

Or you’re an employer. And you really do need staff. But who is able to pay full salaries and benefits for every hand on deck that you need? Did you know there are other options?

How about hiring that guy who worked at the same company for 30 yrs and would have retired from there if the world hadn’t gone bust? Or how about the guy who became ill and finds they can’t do what they did before? They just need someone to take them on and retrain them now that they at least aren’t contagious.

Maybe there is a specific dept that you have to amp up (like IT) with the shift to web-commuting. Someone besides you needs to be sure those ZOOM conferences actually work, right? And your web footprint needs to be amped up for customers to shop or put in request forms and queries online. For them to even know you have that option for them.

Yeah times they are a-changing. And in the end, it may actually be a better thing we are now creating. At least more sustainable.

….apprenticeship –

• The advantages are that you get them younger and can train them as you need them to be. Rather than generic course criteria that may or may not apply to you.
• Also govts often pay you (tax advantages) or the apprentices’ salary (at least part) so it costs you less.
• And they often start at minimum wage.
• The advantage to the student is not needing tuition or having years of debt when they finally finish school.
• And they ‘earn as they learn’. Which opens things up for poorer people.
• It can also be used for people who would find school to be a serious impediment, hurdle. If they have learning delays, or concentration issues. Or are older and just don’t have the memory castles they had when they were 19.
• It can also be used to re-train people who have been injured or find their current job too difficult physically or mentally after an illness. Who can’t afford school. Which also can get financial support from some govts.

….Types of on-the-job training –

• apprentice (full time, paid, longer time) – usually trades
• interns (part time, may/not be paid, less time) – tech industry, service jobs and health care
• practicums, coops – [part time in school, part time on work assignments thru your college. (which opens up clinical and service fields to students) may/not be paid, longer time]

….. resources

UK
Canada
trades – apprentice, journeyman, master
apprentice, intern
practicum, coop

The Extraordinary Case of Susan B Anthony and Trump.

In case you’re under a rock somewhere and have no clue who she is… Ms. Anthony is one of the first suffragettes ever in the USA.

And this week marked the first legal votes for women’s centennial.

Well POTUS has been thinking for awhile that he needs more suburban housewives’ votes. And decided this week that using the feminist angle was a good idea. So he decided to pardon Ms. Anthony .

In 1872, Anthony was arrested for voting. She was tried and fined $100 for her crime. This made many people angry and brought national attention to the suffrage movement. In 1876, she led a protest at the 1876 Centennial of our nation’s independence. source

Well…. the executive director of the National Susan B. Anthony Museum and House in Rochester, N.Y. refused to accept the ‘honour’ on her behalf. The museum said she was proud of her charge. And after all the reaction did in fact lead to the efforts of women to gain what they had a right to. So Ms. Anthony wouldn’t have WANTED the pardon. I mean, would you? It’s a high water mark in feminist history FFS!

So once again, the Trump is out of touch with the cause of women and being really insensitive and/or ill-advised by his female REP advisors. He may have done the EXACT OPPOSITE of what he had aimed to do. Alienated the vote of women by trying to gain it without thought or input from actual feminists . (le sigh!!)

Do we give him credit for trying? No cuzz he could have called the museum and chatted with people there. He could have asked her family if this would be welcome. But no, someone got a ‘bright idea’ and the POTUS blustered thru… Again. Pfffft.

Ms Anthony, your peeps, feminists and women have your back. We won’t let a pig like him use your name to get votes, of all things. FYI, she was also involved in abolition. So he of all possible presidents to try this, this year of all years? It’s such an insult to who she was as a person. He ought to apologize. But you know that’s not gonna happen, right?

Lordie Lordie – Canadian PM is Setting up a Confidence Vote for Sept 23, 2020

Justin Trudeau is tabling a budget that reflects the needs of the pandemic. And since he needs a parliamentary vote and feels this is the way to force his vision, he’s putting it all on the table. Love his budget or call an election.

Everytime I have heard the discussion turn to an election, I get angry. Cuzz it’s a very expensive proposition, And we as a country cannot afford it. But NDP and CONs have been calling for JT to resign. So in a way, doing it this way means that he is armed if they do vote against it. Or he gets what he wants.

What does that mean though? Will the NDP and CONs defeat the budget to get him out? It’d be pretty dumb atm, because since the pandemic has begun, every single poll has shown JT and the LIBs leading.

And he says that he intends to be on the ticket.

Our finance minister is now the first woman in Canadian history to hold that job. And they seem to be acting as mom and pop the way they relate. It was cute to watch.

I hope the debate goes well on the 23rd and there is no need for that election though. There are far too many people who are hurting, far too many dead who could have been helped with that money. And it’ll be a slap in their faces if the money goes to political jockeying for power over lives.

Time will tell.

Could JT win? Well doing it now as the CONs are in a restructuring of the party and two of the provincial CON parties have really sucked during these last few months may serve him. Because JT has put things in place that have helped a LOT of people survive. And I don’t think Canadians will forget that easily.

But then i’m not a political analyst, am I? 😋

(the video really starts about 25 min in)

 

How can Businesses Help Alleviate Poverty?

…..Ideas on how to reduce poverty – of your staff

Would it surprise you if I said that charities don’t help people, because they aren’t sustainable? Because they’re demeaning?

So what is the alternative?
If you don’t want to spend on things like staff turnover or training costs, then pay them what the job and person doing it are worth. Would your company survive without someone doing that job?

Have raise pkgs that reflect their ability and their loyalty.

Prevention is key – So unless you enjoy paying for staff off on sick leave or disabled lists, encourage things like stress reduction, proper nutrition (and pay them enough to afford it) and frequent exercise breaks away from the desk, and have parental leaves and caretaker relief programs as well as good schools and daycares near your company. You’ll find you shell out a LOT less in health insurance and have a happier more relaxed staff force. Who work for you longer.

Offer job sharing posts. – Rather than you scheduling mandatory shifts and you arbitrarily making the hours up, assign two people to a buddy-system, where they divide tasks and hours based on their needs. Where they cover for the other’s holiday and sick days.

Offer web- commuting – Some people can’t afford the costs having a job means. (clothes, transportation, babysitting….) And this is a great ‘in’ for disabled people, who you can get govt incentives for them having the job. Which helps reduce your salary and benefit costs. It also reduces your overhead for bldg maintenance, utilities and security.

Have a ‘team’ or committee that has a member from each role that gives voice to needs of staff and problems so you can reduce conflicts more readily.

…. ideas for the communities you ‘sponsor’.

Tourism is a revenue stream, but if there is one thing we have learned from this pandemic, it’s that having an online option is key.

Having something unique to offer is also critical.
Culture fairs of dances, music, recipes that are accessible to a wider audience, and a market where artisans can post pix of what they sell. Give them a ‘hand up’.

Reduce bigotry by providing opps to learn about the people ie vlogs of people who live and work in the ‘community’. Make them real.

Things like start up loans and coops help more than the person walking into a food bank or charity shop will.

….. resources

Focus on literacy, skills training, women as entrepreneurs, and make resources (water, sanitation, food, schools….) available in poor communities.
adec innovations

…..

Business can apply its innovative genius in three ways to create shared prosperity:

• by supplying quality products at ultra-affordable prices, which will allow the masses to stretch their purchasing power and improve living standards;
• by creating new opportunities for gainful employment, which will increase their incomes;
• and by providing access to services that will increase their future earning potential.
  Harvard